Folded lens system with three refractive lenses

ABSTRACT

Compact folded lens systems are described that may be used in small form factor cameras. Lens systems are described that may include three lens elements with refractive power, with a light folding element such as a prism, located between a first lens element on the object side of the lens system and a second lens element, that redirects the light refracted from the first lens element from a first axis onto a second axis on which the other lens elements and a photosensor are arranged. The lens systems may include an aperture stop located behind the front vertex of the lens system, for example at the first lens element, and an optional infrared filter, for example located between the last lens element and a photosensor.

PRIORITY INFORMATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/472,138, filed Mar. 28, 2017 which claims benefit of priority of U.S.Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/314,350, filed Mar. 28, 2016, andalso claims benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No.62/334,403, filed May 10, 2016, the content of which are incorporated byreference herein in their entirety.

BACKGROUND Technical Field

This disclosure relates generally to camera systems, and morespecifically to compact lens systems for high-resolution, small formfactor camera systems.

Description of the Related Art

The advent of small, mobile multipurpose devices such as smartphones andtablet or pad devices has resulted in a need for high-resolution, smallform factor cameras for integration in the devices. However, due tolimitations of conventional camera technology, conventional smallcameras used in such devices tend to capture images at lower resolutionsand/or with lower image quality than can be achieved with larger, higherquality cameras. Achieving higher resolution with small package sizecameras generally requires use of a photosensor (also referred to as animage sensor) with small pixel size and a good, compact imaging lenssystem. Advances in technology have achieved reduction of the pixel sizein photosensors. However, as photosensors become more compact andpowerful, demand for compact imaging lens system with improved imagingquality performance has increased.

SUMMARY OF EMBODIMENTS

Compact folded lens systems are described that may be used in small formfactor cameras. Lens systems are described that may include three lenselements with refractive power, with a light folding element such as aprism located between a first lens element on the object side of thelens system and a second lens element that redirects the light refractedfrom the first lens element from a first axis onto a second axis onwhich the other lens elements and a photosensor are arranged. The lenssystems may include an aperture stop located behind the front vertex ofthe lens system, for example at the first lens element, and an optionalinfrared filter, for example located between the last lens element and aphotosensor of the camera.

Embodiments of the compact folded lens system may include three lenselements with refractive power and a light folding element such as aprism to fold the optical axis. Embodiments of the compact folded lenssystem may be configured to operate with a relatively narrow field ofview and a 35 mm equivalent focal length (f_(35mm)) in the medium tolong telephoto range. For example, some embodiments of the compactfolded lens system may provide a 35 mm equivalent focal length in therange of 80-200 mm, with less than 6.5 mm of Z-height to fit in a widevariety of portable electronics devices.

Through proper arrangement in materials, power and radius of curvatureof the three lens elements with power, embodiments of the compact foldedlens are capable of capturing high resolution, high quality images atgood brightness level. In some embodiments, a first lens element fromthe object side of the lens system has a convex object-side surface inthe paraxial region, and a third lens element has a concave image-sidesurface in the paraxial region. In some embodiments, a first lenselement from the object side of the lens system has a convex object-sidesurface in the paraxial region, and a third lens element has a concaveimage-side surface in the paraxial region and a convex object-sidesurface in the paraxial region (i.e., has a meniscus shape). In someembodiments, the first lens element is formed of an optical materialwith Abbe number Vd>40, and a second lens element is formed of anoptical material with Abbe number Vd<30. In some embodiments, the firstlens element is formed of an optical material with Abbe number Vd>45,and a second lens element is formed of an optical material with Abbenumber Vd<35.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A and 1B is a cross-sectional illustration of a compact cameraincluding an example embodiment of a compact folded lens system withthree lens elements and a light folding element that operates at F/2.6,with 23.5° full field of view (FOV).

FIG. 2 shows a camera that includes an example embodiment of a compactfolded lens system with three lens elements and a light folding elementthat operates at F/2.1, with 25.1° full FOV.

FIGS. 3A and 3B show a camera that includes an example embodiment of acompact folded lens system with three lens elements and a light foldingelement that operates at F/3.3, with 20.3° full FOV.

FIG. 4 shows a camera that includes an example embodiment of a compactfolded lens system with three lens elements and a light folding elementthat operates at F/2.4, with 22.9° full FOV.

FIG. 5 shows a camera that includes an example embodiment of a compactfolded lens system with three lens elements and a light folding elementthat operates at F/3.2, with 28.5° full FOV.

FIG. 6 shows a camera that includes an example embodiment of a compactfolded lens system with three lens elements and a light folding elementthat operates at F/2.8, with 28° full FOV.

FIGS. 7A and 7B show a camera that includes an example embodiment of acompact folded lens system with three lens elements and a light foldingelement that operates at F/3.8, with 17.8° full FOV.

FIGS. 8A and 8B show a camera that includes an example embodiment of acompact folded lens system with three lens elements and a light foldingelement that operates at F/3.2, with 20.1° full FOV.

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional illustration of a compact camera includingan example embodiment of a compact folded lens system with three lenselements and a light folding element.

FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate numbering of the surfaces in the examplelens systems as used in the Tables.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart of a method for capturing images using cameraswith lens systems as illustrated FIGS. 1 through 10B, according to someembodiments.

FIG. 12 illustrates an example computer system that may be used inembodiments.

This specification includes references to “one embodiment” or “anembodiment.” The appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “inan embodiment” do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment.Particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined inany suitable manner consistent with this disclosure.

“Comprising.” This term is open-ended. As used in the appended claims,this term does not foreclose additional structure or steps. Consider aclaim that recites: “An apparatus comprising one or more processor units. . . ”. Such a claim does not foreclose the apparatus from includingadditional components (e.g., a network interface unit, graphicscircuitry, etc.).

“Configured To.” Various units, circuits, or other components may bedescribed or claimed as “configured to” perform a task or tasks. In suchcontexts, “configured to” is used to connote structure by indicatingthat the units/circuits/components include structure (e.g., circuitry)that performs those task or tasks during operation. As such, theunit/circuit/component can be said to be configured to perform the taskeven when the specified unit/circuit/component is not currentlyoperational (e.g., is not on). The units/circuits/components used withthe “configured to” language include hardware—for example, circuits,memory storing program instructions executable to implement theoperation, etc. Reciting that a unit/circuit/component is “configuredto” perform one or more tasks is expressly intended not to invoke 35U.S.C. § 112, sixth paragraph, for that unit/circuit/component.Additionally, “configured to” can include generic structure (e.g.,generic circuitry) that is manipulated by software and/or firmware(e.g., an FPGA or a general-purpose processor executing software) tooperate in manner that is capable of performing the task(s) at issue.“Configured to” may also include adapting a manufacturing process (e.g.,a semiconductor fabrication facility) to fabricate devices (e.g.,integrated circuits) that are adapted to implement or perform one ormore tasks.

“First,” “Second,” etc. As used herein, these terms are used as labelsfor nouns that they precede, and do not necessarily imply any type ofordering (e.g., spatial, temporal, logical, etc.). For example, a buffercircuit may be described herein as performing write operations for“first” and “second” values. The terms “first” and “second” do notnecessarily imply that the first value must be written before the secondvalue.

“Based On.” As used herein, this term is used to describe one or morefactors that affect a determination. This term does not forecloseadditional factors that may affect a determination. That is, adetermination may be solely based on those factors or based, at least inpart, on those factors. Consider the phrase “determine A based on B.”While in this case, B is a factor that affects the determination of A,such a phrase does not foreclose the determination of A from also beingbased on C. In other instances, A may be determined based solely on B.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of a compact folded lens system including three lenselements with refractive power, with a light folding element such as aprism, located between a first lens element on the object side of thelens system and a second lens element, that redirects the lightrefracted from the first lens element from a first axis onto a secondaxis on which the other lens elements and a photosensor are arranged.The lens system may include an aperture stop, for example located at orbehind the front vertex of the lens system, for example at the firstlens element, and an optional infrared filter, for example locatedbetween the last lens element and the photosensor. The shapes,materials, and arrangements of the lens elements in the lens system maybe selected to capture high resolution, high quality images.

Conventionally, compact imaging lenses can be designed with a non-foldedoptical axis that provide a 35 mm equivalent focal length (f_(35 mm)) of50 mm-70 mm. However, the lens brightness (related to the focal ratio,or F/#, of the lens system) and image quality of these conventionalcompact lens designs are typically limited by the constraint inthickness (Z dimension) of portable electronics devices. It is difficultto further increase the lens effective focal length of theseconventional compact lens designs due to the scaling relationship withrespect to the lens dimensions. To overcome this limitation, afolding-prism or mirror may be used in embodiments to relieve theconstraint in the Z dimension of the lens system.

Embodiments of the compact folded lens systems as described herein mayprovide high resolution, high quality imaging for small form factorcameras. Using an embodiment of the compact lens system, a camera may beimplemented in a small package size while still capturing sharp,high-resolution images, making embodiments of the camera suitable foruse in small and/or mobile multipurpose devices such as cell phones,smartphones, pad or tablet computing devices, laptop, netbook, notebook,subnotebook, and ultrabook computers, and so on. FIG. 12 illustrates anexample device that may include one or more small form factor camerasthat use embodiments of the compact folded lens systems as describedherein. However, note that aspects of the camera (e.g., the lens systemand photosensor) may be scaled up or down to provide cameras with largeror smaller package sizes. In addition, embodiments of the camera systemmay be implemented as stand-alone digital cameras. In addition to still(single frame capture) camera applications, embodiments of the camerasystem may be adapted for use in video camera applications.

Folded Lens systems with Three Lens Elements

FIGS. 1A through 8B show several embodiments of compact cameras withcompact folded lens systems with three lens elements and a light foldingelement such as a prism that “folds” the optical axis of the lenssystem. A compact camera including an embodiment of the compact foldedlens systems as illustrated in FIGS. 1A through 8B may, for example, beimplemented in portable electronic devices such as mobile phones andtablets. The lens system and/or camera may also include an aperturestop, an optional infrared (IR) filter, and a photosensor. The compactfolded lens systems as illustrated in FIGS. 1A through 8B may beconfigured to operate with a relatively narrow field of view and a 35 mmequivalent focal length (f_(35 mm)) in the medium to long telephotorange. Compact cameras including the compact folded lens systems asillustrated in FIGS. 1A through 8B may, for example, be used stand-alonefor telephoto photography, or can be paired with a wide-angle imaginglens in a dual-prime configuration to enable effective optical zoom forportable electronic devices.

Embodiments of the compact folded lens system as illustrated in FIGS. 1Athrough 8B may include three lens elements with refractive power and alight folding element such as a prism to fold the optical axis.Embodiments of the compact folded lens system as illustrated in FIGS. 1Athrough 8B may provide a 35 mm equivalent focal length in the range of80-200 mm and less than 6.5 mm of Z-height to fit in a wide variety ofportable electronics devices. With proper arrangement in materials,power and radius of curvature of the three lens elements with power,embodiments of the compact folded lens system as illustrated in FIGS. 1Athrough 8B are capable of capturing high resolution, high quality imagesat good brightness level.

Embodiments of the compact folded lens system as illustrated in FIGS. 1Athrough 8B include three lens elements with refractive power and afolding element such as a prism, in order from the object side to theimage side of the lens system: a first lens element (lens 1) withpositive refractive power, a folding element such as a prism to fold theoptical axis from AX1 to AX2, a second lens element (lens 2) withnegative refractive power, and a third lens element (lens 3) withrefractive power. An aperture stop may be located between the objectside of the lens system and the folding element for controlling thebrightness of the optical system. In some embodiments, the lens systemor camera includes an infrared (IR) filter to reduce or eliminateinterference of environmental noises on the image sensor (also referredto herein as a photosensor or sensor). In some embodiments, thephotosensor may be shifted along AX2 to allow refocusing of the lenssystem in between Infinity conjugate and Macro conjugate, for examplefor autofocus applications. Lens 2 and lens 3 may be round/circularoptical lenses, or may have a shape other than circular (e.g.,rectangular or square, hexagonal, etc.) to reduce the camera module Zheight.

In embodiments of the compact folded lens system as illustrated in FIGS.1A through 8B, one or more of the following requirements may besatisfied, for example to facilitate correction of aberrations acrossthe field of view (FOV) for the lens system:

-   -   Lens 1 has a convex object-side surface in the paraxial region.    -   Lens 3 has a concave image-side surface in the paraxial region        and a convex object-side surface in the paraxial region (i.e.,        lens 3 has a meniscus shape).    -   In various embodiments, the other lens surfaces of lenses 1        through 3 may be concave, convex, or flat/plano (e.g., the        lenses may be plano-concave or plano-convex lenses) in the        paraxial region.    -   In some embodiments, one or more of the following relationships        may be met:

0.5<|f/f1|<2

0.4<|f/f2|<2.5

0.5<|R3f/R3r|<1.5

where f is effective focal length of the lens system, f1 is focal lengthof lens 1, f2 is focal length of lens 2, R3f is radius of curvature ofthe object-side surface of lens 3, and R3r is radius of curvature of theimage side surface of lens 3.

-   -   In some embodiments, at least one of the six lens surfaces may        be aspheric.    -   In some embodiments, at least one of the lens elements is made        of lightweight polymer or plastic material.    -   In some embodiments, lens 1 is formed of an optical material        with Abbe number    -   Vd>45, and lens 2 is formed of an optical material with Abbe        number Vd<35. The material and power configurations of lenses 1        and 2 may, for example, be selected for reduction of chromatic        aberrations.    -   In some embodiments lens 3 is formed of an optical material with        no limit in Abbe number.

As shown in the example embodiments in FIGS. 1A-1B, 3A-3B, 7A-7B, and8A-8B, in some embodiments of a camera including compact folded lenssystem as illustrated in FIGS. 1A through 8B, the photosensor may bemoved on one or more axes relative to the lens system to adjust focus ofthe camera. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the lens system may bemoved relative to the photosensor to adjust focus. FIGS. 1A, 3A, 7A, and8A correspond to the camera focused at a first position (infinityconjugate), and FIGS. 1B, 3B, 7B, and 8B correspond to the camerafocused at a second position (e.g., macro conjugate, 500 mm in FIG. 1B).While the focus positions are shown as examples, note that the cameramay be focused at other positions in some embodiments.

As shown in the example embodiments in FIGS. 1A-1B, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7A-7B,and 8A-8B, in some embodiments of a compact folded lens system asdescribed herein, the image side surface of the first lens element (lens1) may be flat/plano (e.g., lens 1 may be plano-convex), and the imageside surface of lens 1 may be at/in contact with the object side surfaceof the light folding prism to effectively form a single combined unit orelement. The lens 1 and prism elements may be composed of the same typeof material (e.g., a plastic material) or of different types ofmaterials. In some embodiments, the lens 1 and prism elements may becemented. Alternatively, the lens 1 and prism elements may be composedof the same type of material (e.g., a plastic material), and may bemolded as a single combined unit or element. However, in someembodiments, for example as shown in FIGS. 3A-3B, the image side surfaceof lens 1 may be convex, concave, or flat-plano, and lens 1 and thefolding element (prism) may be air-spaced.

Example Lens System 110

FIGS. 1A and 1B show a camera 100 that includes an example embodiment ofa compact folded lens system 110 that operates at F/2.6, with 23.5° fullFOV. Camera 100 includes a 5.04 mm diagonal photosensor 120. Lens system110 includes three lens elements with refractive power and a foldingelement such as a prism, in order from the object side to the image sideof the lens system: a first lens element 101 with positive refractivepower, a folding element 140 such as a prism to fold the optical axisfrom AX1 to AX2, a second lens element 102 with negative refractivepower, and a third lens element 103 with refractive power. An aperturestop 130 may be located between the object side of the lens system 110and the folding element 140, for example at or near the object sidesurface of lens element 101, for controlling the brightness of theoptical system. In some embodiments, the lens system 110 or camera 100includes an IR filter 150 to reduce or eliminate interference ofenvironmental noises on the photosensor 120.

Tables 1-5 correspond to an embodiment of a lens system 110 asillustrated in FIGS. 1A and 1B, and provide example values for variousoptical and physical parameters of the lens system 110 and camera 100 ofFIGS. 1A and 1B. The effective focal length (EFL) of the lens system 110is 12 mm. Given the EFL and photosensor size, the 35 mm equivalent focallength of the camera 110 may be 103 mm. In some embodiments, the camera100/lens system 110 has the capability of autofocusing from 500 mm toInfinity conjugates.

As shown in FIGS. 1A-1B, in some embodiments the photosensor 120 may bemoved on one or more axes relative to the lens system 110 to adjustfocus of the camera 100. FIG. 1A corresponds to the camera 100 focusedat a first position (infinity conjugate), and FIG. 1B corresponds to thecamera 100 focused at a second position (500 mm in FIG. 1B). While thefocus positions are shown as examples, note that the camera 100 may befocused at other positions in some embodiments.

The modulation transfer functions (MTFs) for lens system 110 whenfocused at Infinity and Macro (500 mm) conjugates, at all fields andboth conjugates, are higher than 0.5 at 125 line pairs (lp)/mm andhigher than 0.3 at 250 lp/mm; the lens system 110 provides good contrastfor high-resolution imaging. At both conjugates, on-axis and off-axisaberrations for lens system 110 are well balanced across the FOV. Atboth conjugates, optical distortion across the FOV is controlled within2%, while field curvature and astigmatism are well balanced across theFOV.

In some embodiments, Z-height of the example lens system 110, as definedfrom the front vertex of lens element 101 to the rear vertex of thefolding element 140, may be 5.8 mm. The lens system 110 is able to fitinto a wide variety of portable electronic devices including but notlimited to smart phones and tablets.

Example Lens System 210

FIG. 2 shows a camera 200 that includes an example embodiment of acompact folded lens system 210 that operates at F/2.1, with 25.1° fullFOV. Camera 200 includes a 4.5 mm diagonal photosensor 220. Lens system210 includes three lens elements with refractive power and a foldingelement such as a prism, in order from the object side to the image sideof the lens system: a first lens element 201 with positive refractivepower, a folding element 240 such as a prism to fold the optical axisfrom AX1 to AX2, a second lens element 202 with negative refractivepower, and a third lens element 203 with refractive power. An aperturestop 230 may be located between the object side of the lens system 210and the folding element 240, for example at or near the object sidesurface of lens element 201, for controlling the brightness of theoptical system. In some embodiments, the lens system 210 or camera 200includes an IR filter 250 to reduce or eliminate interference ofenvironmental noises on the photosensor 220.

Tables 6-9 correspond to an embodiment of a lens system 210 asillustrated in FIG. 2, and provide example values for various opticaland physical parameters of the lens system 210 and camera 200 of FIG. 2.The effective focal length (EFL) of the lens system 210 is 10 mm. Giventhe EFL and photosensor size, the 35 mm equivalent focal length of thecamera 210 may be 95 mm. While not shown in FIG. 2, in some embodiments,the camera 200/lens system 210 has the capability of autofocusing fromMacro to Infinity conjugates.

The modulation transfer function (MTF) for lens system 210 is higherthan 0.5 at 125 lp/mm and higher than 0.3 at 250 lp/mm; the lens system210 provides good contrast for high-resolution imaging. On-axis andoff-axis aberrations for lens system 210 are well balanced across theFOV. Optical distortion across the FOV is controlled within 2%, whilefield curvature and astigmatism are well balanced across the FOV.

In some embodiments, Z-height of the example lens system 210, as definedfrom the front vertex of lens element 201 to the rear vertex of thefolding element 240, may be 6 mm. The lens system 210 is able to fitinto a wide variety of portable electronic devices including but notlimited to smart phones and tablets.

Example Lens System 310

FIGS. 3A and 3B show a camera 300 that includes an example embodiment ofa compact folded lens system 310 that operates at F/3.3, with 20.3° fullFOV. Camera 300 includes a 5.04 mm diagonal photosensor 320. Lens system310 includes three lens elements with refractive power and a foldingelement such as a prism, in order from the object side to the image sideof the lens system: a first lens element 301 with positive refractivepower, a folding element 340 such as a prism to fold the optical axisfrom AX1 to AX2, a second lens element 302 with negative refractivepower, and a third lens element 303 with refractive power. As shown inFIGS. 3A and 3B, the image side surface of lens element 301 is convex,and there is air space between lens element 301 and the object sidesurface of the folding element 340. An aperture stop 330 may be locatedbetween the object side of the lens system 310 and the folding element340, for example at or near the front vertex of lens element 301, forcontrolling the brightness of the optical system. In some embodiments,the lens system 310 or camera 300 includes an IR filter 350 to reduce oreliminate interference of environmental noises on the photosensor 320.

Tables 10-14 correspond to an embodiment of a lens system 310 asillustrated in FIGS. 3A and 3B, and provide example values for variousoptical and physical parameters of the lens system 310 and camera 300 ofFIGS. 3A and 3B. The effective focal length (EFL) of the lens system 310is 14 mm. Given the EFL and photosensor size, the 35 mm equivalent focallength of the camera 310 may be 120 mm. In some embodiments, the camera300/lens system 310 has the capability of autofocusing from Macro toInfinity conjugates.

As shown in FIGS. 3A-3B, in some embodiments the photosensor 320 may bemoved on one or more axes relative to the lens system 310 to adjustfocus of the camera 300. FIG. 3A corresponds to the camera 300 focusedat a first position (infinity conjugate), and FIG. 3B corresponds to thecamera 300 focused at a second position (Macro conjugate). While thefocus positions are shown as examples, note that the camera 300 may befocused at other positions in some embodiments.

The modulation transfer functions (MTFs) for lens system 310 whenfocused at Infinity and Macro conjugates, at all fields and bothconjugates, are close to diffraction limited; the lens system 310provides good contrast for high-resolution imaging. At both conjugates,on-axis and off-axis aberrations for lens system 310 are well balancedacross the FOV. At both conjugates, optical distortion across the FOV iscontrolled within 2%, while field curvature and astigmatism are wellbalanced across the FOV.

In some embodiments, Z-height of the example lens system 310, as definedfrom the front vertex of lens element 301 to the rear vertex of thefolding element 340, may be 5.6 mm. The lens system 310 is able to fitinto a wide variety of portable electronic devices including but notlimited to smart phones and tablets.

Example Lens System 410

FIG. 4 shows a camera 400 that includes an example embodiment of acompact folded lens system 410 that operates at F/2.4, with 22.9° fullFOV. Camera 400 includes a 4.5 mm diagonal photosensor 420. Lens system410 includes three lens elements with refractive power and a foldingelement such as a prism, in order from the object side to the image sideof the lens system: a first lens element 401 with positive refractivepower, a folding element 440 such as a prism to fold the optical axisfrom AX1 to AX2, a second lens element 402 with negative refractivepower, and a third lens element 403 with refractive power. An aperturestop 430 may be located between the object side of the lens system 410and the folding element 440, for example at or near the object sidesurface of lens element 401, for controlling the brightness of theoptical system. In some embodiments, the lens system 410 or camera 400includes an IR filter 450 to reduce or eliminate interference ofenvironmental noises on the photosensor 420.

Tables 15-18 correspond to an embodiment of a lens system 410 asillustrated in FIG. 4, and provide example values for various opticaland physical parameters of the lens system 410 and camera 400 of FIG. 4.The effective focal length (EFL) of the lens system 410 is 11 mm. Giventhe EFL and photosensor size, the 35 mm equivalent focal length of thecamera 410 may be 105 mm. While not shown in FIG. 4, in someembodiments, the camera 400/lens system 410 has the capability ofautofocusing from Macro to Infinity conjugates.

On-axis and off-axis aberrations for lens system 410 are well balancedacross the FOV. Optical distortion across the FOV is controlled within2%, while field curvature and astigmatism are well balanced across theFOV.

In some embodiments, Z-height of the example lens system 410, as definedfrom the front vertex of lens element 401 to the rear vertex of thefolding element 440, may be 5.85 mm. The lens system 410 is able to fitinto a wide variety of portable electronic devices including but notlimited to smart phones and tablets.

Example Lens System 510

FIG. 5 shows a camera 500 that includes an example embodiment of acompact folded lens system 510 that operates at F/3.2, with 28.5° fullFOV. Camera 500 includes a 6.15 mm diagonal photosensor 520. Lens system510 includes three lens elements with refractive power and a foldingelement such as a prism, in order from the object side to the image sideof the lens system: a first lens element 501 with positive refractivepower, a folding element 540 such as a prism to fold the optical axisfrom AX1 to AX2, a second lens element 502 with negative refractivepower, and a third lens element 503 with refractive power. An aperturestop 530 may be located between the object side of the lens system 510and the folding element 540, for example at or near the object sidesurface of lens element 501, for controlling the brightness of theoptical system. In some embodiments, the lens system 510 or camera 500includes an IR filter 550 to reduce or eliminate interference ofenvironmental noises on the photosensor 520.

Tables 19-22 correspond to an embodiment of a lens system 510 asillustrated in FIG. 5, and provide example values for various opticaland physical parameters of the lens system 510 and camera 500 of FIG. 5.The effective focal length (EFL) of the lens system 510 is 12 mm. Giventhe EFL and photosensor size, the 35 mm equivalent focal length of thecamera 510 may be 84 mm. While not shown in FIG. 5, in some embodiments,the camera 500/lens system 510 has the capability of autofocusing fromMacro to Infinity conjugates.

On-axis and off-axis aberrations for lens system 510 are well balancedacross the FOV. Optical distortion across the FOV is controlled within2%, while field curvature and astigmatism are well balanced across theFOV.

In some embodiments, Z-height of the example lens system 510, as definedfrom the front vertex of lens element 501 to the rear vertex of thefolding element 540, may be 4.85 mm. The lens system 510 is able to fitinto a wide variety of portable electronic devices including but notlimited to smart phones and tablets.

Example Lens System 610

FIG. 6 shows a camera 600 that includes an example embodiment of acompact folded lens system 610 that operates at F/2.8, with 28° fullFOV. Camera 600 includes a 5.04 mm diagonal photosensor 620. Lens system610 includes three lens elements with refractive power and a foldingelement such as a prism, in order from the object side to the image sideof the lens system: a first lens element 601 with positive refractivepower, a folding element 640 such as a prism to fold the optical axisfrom AX1 to AX2, a second lens element 602 with negative refractivepower, and a third lens element 603 with refractive power. An aperturestop 630 may be located between the object side of the lens system 610and the folding element 640, for example at or near the front vertex oflens element 601, for controlling the brightness of the optical system.In some embodiments, the lens system 610 or camera 600 includes an IRfilter 650 to reduce or eliminate interference of environmental noiseson the photosensor 620.

Tables 23-26 correspond to an embodiment of a lens system 610 asillustrated in FIG. 6, and provide example values for various opticaland physical parameters of the lens system 610 and camera 600 of FIG. 6.The effective focal length (EFL) of the lens system 610 is 10 mm. Giventhe EFL and photosensor size, the 35 mm equivalent focal length of thecamera 610 may be 86 mm. While not shown in FIG. 6, in some embodiments,the camera 600/lens system 610 has the capability of autofocusing fromMacro to Infinity conjugates.

On-axis and off-axis aberrations for lens system 610 are well balancedacross the FOV. Optical distortion across the FOV is controlled within2%, while field curvature and astigmatism are well balanced across theFOV.

In some embodiments, Z-height of the example lens system 610, as definedfrom the front vertex of lens element 601 to the rear vertex of thefolding element 640, may be 4.75 mm. The lens system 610 is able to fitinto a wide variety of portable electronic devices including but notlimited to smart phones and tablets.

Example Lens System 710

FIGS. 7A and 7B show a camera 700 that includes an example embodiment ofa compact folded lens system 710 that operates at F/3.8, with 17.8° fullFOV. Camera 700 includes a 5.04 mm diagonal photosensor 720. Lens system710 includes three lens elements with refractive power and a foldingelement such as a prism, in order from the object side to the image sideof the lens system: a first lens element 701 with positive refractivepower, a folding element 740 such as a prism to fold the optical axisfrom AX1 to AX2, a second lens element 702 with negative refractivepower, and a third lens element 703 with refractive power. An aperturestop 730 may be located between the object side of the lens system 710and the folding element 740, for example at or near the object sidesurface of lens element 701, for controlling the brightness of theoptical system. In some embodiments, the lens system 710 or camera 700includes an IR filter 750 to reduce or eliminate interference ofenvironmental noises on the photosensor 720.

Tables 27-30 correspond to an embodiment of a lens system 710 asillustrated in FIGS. 7A and 7B, and provide example values for variousoptical and physical parameters of the lens system 710 and camera 700 ofFIGS. 7A and 7B. The effective focal length (EFL) of the lens system 710is 16 mm. Given the EFL and photosensor size, the 35 mm equivalent focallength of the camera 710 may be 137 mm. In some embodiments, the camera700/lens system 710 has the capability of autofocusing from Macro toInfinity conjugates.

As shown in FIGS. 7A-7B, in some embodiments the photosensor 720 may bemoved on one or more axes relative to the lens system 710 to adjustfocus of the camera 700. FIG. 7A corresponds to the camera 300 focusedat a first position (infinity conjugate), and FIG. 7B corresponds to thecamera 700 focused at a second position (Macro conjugate). While thefocus positions are shown as examples, note that the camera 700 may befocused at other positions in some embodiments.

At both Infinity and Macro conjugates, on-axis and off-axis aberrationsfor lens system 710 are well balanced across the FOV. At bothconjugates, optical distortion across the FOV is controlled within 2%,while field curvature and astigmatism are well balanced across the FOV.

In some embodiments, Z-height of the example lens system 710, as definedfrom the front vertex of lens element 701 to the rear vertex of thefolding element 740, may be 5.5 mm. The lens system 710 is able to fitinto a wide variety of portable electronic devices including but notlimited to smart phones and tablets.

Example Lens System 810

FIGS. 8A and 8B show a camera 800 that includes an example embodiment ofa compact folded lens system 810 that operates at F/3.2, with 20.1° fullFOV. Camera 800 includes a 5.04 mm diagonal photosensor 820. Lens system810 includes three lens elements with refractive power and a foldingelement such as a prism, in order from the object side to the image sideof the lens system: a first lens element 801 with positive refractivepower, a folding element 840 such as a prism to fold the optical axisfrom AX1 to AX2, a second lens element 802 with negative refractivepower, and a third lens element 803 with refractive power. An aperturestop 830 may be located between the object side of the lens system 810and the folding element 840, for example at or near the object sidesurface of lens element 801, for controlling the brightness of theoptical system. In some embodiments, the lens system 810 or camera 800includes an IR filter 850 to reduce or eliminate interference ofenvironmental noises on the photosensor 820.

Tables 31-34 correspond to an embodiment of a lens system 810 asillustrated in FIGS. 8A and 8B, and provide example values for variousoptical and physical parameters of the lens system 810 and camera 800 ofFIGS. 8A and 8B. The effective focal length (EFL) of the lens system 810is 14 mm. Given the EFL and photosensor size, the 35 mm equivalent focallength of the camera 810 may be 120 mm. In some embodiments, the camera800/lens system 810 has the capability of autofocusing from Macro toInfinity conjugates.

As shown in FIGS. 8A-8B, in some embodiments the photosensor 820 may bemoved on one or more axes relative to the lens system 810 to adjustfocus of the camera 800. FIG. 8A corresponds to the camera 800 focusedat a first position (infinity conjugate), and FIG. 8B corresponds to thecamera 800 focused at a second position (Macro conjugate). While thefocus positions are shown as examples, note that the camera 700 may befocused at other positions in some embodiments.

At both Infinity and Macro conjugates, on-axis and off-axis aberrationsfor lens system 810 are well balanced across the FOV. At bothconjugates, optical distortion across the FOV is controlled within 2%,while field curvature and astigmatism are well balanced across the FOV.

In some embodiments, Z-height of the example lens system 810, as definedfrom the front vertex of lens element 801 to the rear vertex of thefolding element 840, may be 5.4 mm. The lens system 810 is able to fitinto a wide variety of portable electronic devices including but notlimited to smart phones and tablets.

Folded Lens Systems with Three Lens Elements—Alternative Embodiments

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional illustration of a compact camera 900including an example embodiment of a compact folded lens system 910 withthree lens elements 901-903 and a light folding element 940 such as aprism that “folds” the optical axis of the lens system 910. The camera900 may also include an aperture stop 930, an optional infrared (IR)filter 950, and a photosensor 920. A compact camera 900 including anembodiment of the compact folded lens system 910 as illustrated in FIG.9 may, for example, be implemented in portable electronic devices suchas mobile phones and tablets. In embodiments of a lens system 910 asillustrated in FIG. 9, the 35 millimeter (mm) equivalent focal length(f_(35mm)) of the lens system 910 may be longer than 60 mm. A compactfolded lens system 910 having a long f_(35mm) may, for example, be usedstand-alone for telephoto photography, or can be paired with awide-angle imaging lens in a dual-prime configuration to enableeffective optical zoom for portable electronic devices.

Embodiments of the compact folded lens system 910 may include three lenselements 901-903 with refractive power and a light folding element 940such as a prism to fold the optical axis. Some embodiments of thecompact folded lens system 910 may provide a 35 mm equivalent focallength in the range of 85-200 mm and less than 6 mm of Z-height to fitin a wide variety of portable electronics devices. With properarrangement of materials and lens powers, embodiments of the compactfolded lens system 910 are capable of capturing high brightness photoswith near diffraction-limited image quality.

As illustrated in the example camera 900 of FIG. 9, the compact foldedlens system 910 includes three lens elements 901-903 with refractivepower and a light folding element 940 (e.g., a prism), in order from theobject side to the image side of the lens system 910: a first lenselement 901 with positive refractive power; a folding element 940 suchas a prism to fold the optical axis from AX1 to AX2; a second lenselement 902 with negative refractive power; and a third lens element 903with refractive power. An aperture stop 930 may be located between theobject side of the lens system 910 and the folding element 940 forcontrolling the brightness of the lens system 910.

In some embodiments, the camera 900 includes an IR filter 950 to reduceor eliminate interference of environmental noises on the photosensor920. In some embodiments, the photosensor 920 and/or lens system 910 maybe shifted along AX2 to allow refocusing of the lens system 910 inbetween Infinity conjugate and Macro conjugate. In various embodiments,lens element 902 and/or lens element 903 may be round/circular orrectangular, or some other shape.

In embodiments of lens system 910, one or more of the followingrequirements may be satisfied, for example to facilitate correction ofaberrations across the field of view (FOV) for the lens system 910:

-   -   Lens element 901 has a convex object-side surface in the        paraxial region.    -   Lens element 903 has a concave image-side surface in the        paraxial region.    -   In various embodiments, the other lens surfaces of lens elements        901 through 903 may be concave, convex, or flat/plano (e.g., the        lenses may be plano-concave or plano-convex lenses) in the        paraxial region.    -   In some embodiments, at least one of the six lens surfaces may        be aspheric.    -   In some embodiments, at least one of the lens elements is made        of a lightweight polymer or plastic material.    -   In some embodiments, lens element 901 is formed of an optical        material with Abbe number Vd>40, and lens element 902 is formed        of an optical material with Abbe number Vd<30. The material and        power configurations of lens element 901 and lens element 902        are selected for reduction of chromatic aberrations.    -   In some embodiments, lens element 903 is formed of an optical        material with no limit in Abbe number.

FIG. 9 shows an example camera 900 that includes an example embodimentof a compact folded lens system 910 that operates at F/3, with 23.5°full FOV. Camera 900 includes a 5.04 mm diagonal photosensor 920. Theeffective focal length (EFL) of the lens system 910 is 12 mm. Given theEFL and photosensor size, the 35 mm equivalent focal length of thecamera 910 may be as large as 103 mm. In some embodiments, the camera900/lens system 910 has the capability of autofocusing from 300 mm toInfinity conjugates.

The modulation transfer functions (MTFs) for lens system 910 whenfocused at Infinity and Macro (300 mm) conjugates, at all fields andboth conjugates, are close to diffraction limited; the lens system 910provides good contrast for high-resolution imaging. At both conjugates,on-axis and off-axis aberrations for lens system 910 are well balancedacross the FOV. At both conjugates, optical distortion across the FOV iscontrolled within 2%, while field curvature and astigmatism are wellbalanced across the FOV.

In some embodiments, Z-height of the example lens system 910, as definedfrom the front vertex of lens element 901 to the rear vertex of thefolding element 940, may be 5 mm. The lens system 910 is able to fitinto a wide variety of portable electronic devices including but notlimited to smart phones and tablets.

Example Lens System Tables

The following Tables provide example values for various optical andphysical parameters of the example embodiments of the lens systems andcameras as described in reference to FIGS. 1A through 9. Tables 1-5correspond to an example embodiment of a lens system 110 as illustratedin FIGS. 1A and 1B. Tables 6-9 correspond to an example embodiment of alens system 210 as illustrated in FIG. 2. Tables 10-14 correspond to anexample embodiment of a lens system 310 as illustrated in FIGS. 3A and3B. Tables 15-18 correspond to an example embodiment of a lens system410 as illustrated in FIG. 4. Tables 19-22 correspond to an exampleembodiment of a lens system 510 as illustrated in FIG. 5. Tables 23-26correspond to an example embodiment of a lens system 610 as illustratedin FIG. 6. Tables 27-30 correspond to an example embodiment of a lenssystem 710 as illustrated in FIGS. 7A and 7B. Tables 31-34 correspond toan example embodiment of a lens system 810 as illustrated in FIGS. 8Aand 8B. Tables 35-38 correspond to an example embodiment of a lenssystem 910 as illustrated in FIG. 9.

In the Tables, all dimensions are in millimeters (mm) unless otherwisespecified. L1, L2, and L3 stand for refractive lenses 1, 2, and 3,respectively. “S#” stands for surface number. A positive radiusindicates that the center of curvature is to the right (object side) ofthe surface. A negative radius indicates that the center of curvature isto the left (image side) of the surface. “INF” stands for infinity (asused in optics). The thickness (or separation) is the axial distance tothe next surface. FNO stands for F-number of the lens system. FOV standsfor full field of view. f_(35mm) is the 35 mm equivalent focal length ofthe lens system. V₁ is the Abbe number of the first lens element, and V₂is the Abbe number of the second lens element. Both f and EFL stand foreffective focal length of the lens system, f1stands for focal length ofthe first lens element, and f2 stands for focal length of the secondlens element. R3f is radius of curvature of the object-side surface oflens 3, and R3r is radius of curvature of the image side surface of lens3. Z stands for Z-height of the lens system as defined from the front(image side) vertex of the lens system to the rear vertex of the foldingelement (e.g., prism), as shown in FIGS. 1A and 9. REFL represents areflective surface.

For the materials of the lens elements and IR filter, a refractive indexN_(d) at the helium d-line wavelength is provided, as well as an Abbenumber V_(d) relative to the d-line and the C- and F-lines of hydrogen.The Abbe number, V_(d), may be defined by the equation:

V_(d)=(N _(d)−1)/(N _(F) −N _(C)),

where N_(F) and N_(C) are the refractive index values of the material atthe F and C lines of hydrogen, respectively.

Referring to the Tables of aspheric coefficients (Tables, 2, 7, 11, 16,20, 24, 28, 32, and 36), the aspheric equation describing an asphericalsurface may be given by:

Z=(cr ²/(1+sqrt[1−(1+K)c ² r ²]))+A ₄ r ⁴ +A ₆ r ⁶ +A ₈ r ⁸ A ₁₀ r ¹⁰ +A₁₂ ¹² +A ₁₄ r ¹⁴ +A ₁₆ r ¹⁶ +A ₁₈ r ¹⁸ +A ₂₀ r ²⁰

where Z is the sag of surface parallel to the z-axis (the z-axis and theoptical axis are coincident in these example embodiments), r is theradial distance from the vertex, c is the curvature at the pole orvertex of the surface (the reciprocal of the radius of curvature of thesurface), K is the conic constant, and A₄-A₂₀ are the asphericcoefficients. In the Tables, “E” denotes the exponential notation(powers of 10).

Note that the values given in the following Tables for the variousparameters in the various embodiments of the lens system are given byway of example and are not intended to be limiting. For example, one ormore of the parameters for one or more of the surfaces of one or more ofthe lens elements in the example embodiments, as well as parameters forthe materials of which the elements are composed, may be given differentvalues while still providing similar performance for the lens system. Inparticular, note that some values in the Tables may be scaled up or downfor larger or smaller implementations of a camera using an embodiment ofa lens system as described herein.

Further note that surface numbers (S#) of the elements in the variousembodiments of the lens system as shown in the Tables are listed from afirst surface 0 at the object plane to a last surface at the imageplane/photosensor surface. FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate numbering of thesurfaces as used in the Tables. As shown in FIG. 10A, in someembodiments of a compact folded lens system as described herein, theimage side surface of the first lens element (lens 1) may be flat/plano(e.g., lens 1 may be plano-convex), and the image side surface of lens 1may be at/in contact with the object side surface of the light foldingprism 40 to effectively form a single combined unit or element. In theseembodiments, the image side surface of lens 1 and the object sidesurface of the prism 40 form and are designated as a single surface, andthe surfaces are numbered as illustrated in FIG. 10A:

S0—Object plane

S1—Aperture stop

S2—Lens 1, object side surface

S3—Prism 40, image side surface

S4—Prism 40, reflective surface

S5—Prism, object side surface

S6—Lens 2, object side surface

S7—Lens 2, image side surface

S8—Lens 3, object side surface

S9—Lens 3, image side surface

S10—IR filter 50, object side surface

S11—IR filter 50, image side surface

S12—Photosensor 20, image plane

However, in some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 10B and in Tables 10-14corresponding to an embodiment of a lens system 310 as illustrated inFIGS. 3A and 3B, the image side surface of lens 1 may be convex,concave, or flat-plano, and lens 1 and the folding element (prism) maybe air-spaced. In these embodiments, the image side surface of lens 1and the object side surface of the prism 40 are designated as separatesurfaces, and the surfaces are numbered as illustrated in FIG. 10B:

S0—Object plane

S1—Aperture stop

S2—Lens 1, object side surface

S3—Lens 1, image side surface

S4—Prism 40, image side surface

S5—Prism 40, reflective surface

S6—Prism, object side surface

S7—Lens 2, object side surface

S8—Lens 2, image side surface

S9—Lens 3, object side surface

S10—Lens 3, image side surface

S11 —IR filter 50, object side surface

S12—IR filter 50, image side surface

S13—Photosensor 20, image plane

TABLE 1 Lens system 110 Fno = 2.6, EFL = 12 mm, FOV = 23.5°, f_(35 mm) =103 mm Thickness or Refractive Abbe Surface Radius separation IndexNumber Element (S#) (mm) (mm) N_(d) V_(d) Object 0 INF INF **1 Stop 1INF −0.559 L1 *2 4.79  0.791 1.513 56.6 Prism 3 INF  2.503 1.755 27.6Decenter (1) 4 INF −2.503 REFL Bend (1) 5 INF −0.4  L2 *6 12.618 −1.1 1.651 21.5 *7 −15.437  −2.0314 L3 *8 −2.663 −1.31  1.545 55.9 *9 −2.889−3.534 IR filter 10 INF −0.21  1.517 64.2 11 INF −0.1  Sensor 12 INF  0**2 *Annotates aspheric surfaces (aspheric coefficients given in Table2) ** Annotates zoom parameters (values given in Table 4)

TABLE 2 Aspheric Coefficients (Lens System 110) Surface (S#) S2 S6 S7 S8S9 K 0 0 0 0 0 A4 −1.32813E−04  6.25381E−03 1.16388E−02 1.57550E−021.08702E−02 A6 −1.18004E−05  −1.75760E−03  −3.19460E−03  5.84137E−041.17471E−03 A8 0.00000E+00 2.52318E−04 5.75871E−04 −4.73641E−05 7.75787E−05 A10 0.00000E+00 −3.09906E−05  −1.13692E−04  4.04236E−05−8.08033E−05  A12 0.00000E+00 3.51844E−06 1.70836E−05 −7.61907E−06 1.85788E−05 A14 0.00000E+00 −1.71816E−07  −1.13786E−06  8.24266E−07−1.31203E−06  A16 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+000.00000E+00 A18 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+000.00000E+00 A20 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+000.00000E+00

TABLE 3 Decentering Constants (Lens System 110) Decenter X Y ZAlpha(deg) Beta(deg) Gamma (deg) D(1) and 0 0 0 45 0 0 Bend (1)

TABLE 4 Zoom Parameters (Lens System 110) **Zoom parameters Position - 1Position - 2 **1 Infinity    500 mm **2 0.000 −0.294 mm

TABLE 5 Optical Definitions (Lens system 110) EFL 12 mm V₁ 56.6 FNO 2.6V₂ 21.5 FOV 23.5° |f/f1| 0.74 f_(35 mm) 103 mm |f/f2| 1.57 Z 5.8 mm|R3f/R3r| 0.93

TABLE 6 Lens system 210 Fno = 2.1, EFL = 10 mm, FOV = 25.1°, f_(35 mm) =95 mm Thickness or Refractive Abbe Surface Radius separation IndexNumber Element (S#) (mm) (mm) N_(d) V_(d) Object 0 INF INF Stop 1 INF−0.7049 L1 *2 4.1908 0.9349 1.513 56.6 Prism 3 INF 2.5361 1.755 27.6Decenter (1) 4 INF −2.5361 REFL Bend (1) 5 INF −0.2401 L2 *6 −23.2221−1.1000 1.651 21.5 *7 −3.9100 −1.6457 L3 *8 −2.5271 −1.3100 1.545 55.9*9 −3.3298 −2.0649 IR filter 10 INF −0.2100 1.517 64.2 11 INF −0.1000Sensor 12 INF 0.0000 *Annotates aspheric surfaces (aspheric coefficientsgiven in Table 7)

TABLE 7 Aspheric Coefficients (Lens System 210) Surface (S#) S2 S6 S7 S8S9 K 0 0 0 0 0 A4 −2.27630E−04  1.66965E−02 2.17812E−02 9.21295E−03−4.36565E−04  A6 −2.38687E−05  −8.53386E−03  −6.71712E−03  5.98333E−034.11661E−03 A8 0.00000E+00 6.32611E−03 1.95176E−03 −6.02221E−03 −2.47270E−03  A10 0.00000E+00 −3.37289E−03  −4.87582E−04  3.45128E−035.98747E−04 A12 0.00000E+00 1.10753E−03 6.23350E−05 −1.16209E−03 5.97803E−05 A14 0.00000E+00 −2.07907E−04  −1.42163E−06  2.30826E−04−6.67851E−05  A16 0.00000E+00 1.95047E−05 0.00000E+00 −2.50104E−05 1.26669E−05 A18 0.00000E+00 −6.02309E−07  0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00−7.50902E−07  A20 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+000.00000E+00

TABLE 8 Decentering Constants (Lens System 210) Decenter X Y ZAlpha(deg) Beta(deg) Gamma (deg) D(1) and 0 0 0 45 0 0 Bend (1)

TABLE 9 Optical Definitions (Lens system 210) EFL 10 mm V₁ 56.6 FNO 2.1V₂ 21.5 FOV 25.1° |f/f1| 0.70 f_(35 mm) 95 mm |f/f2| 1.95 Z  6 mm|R3f/R3r| 0.76

TABLE 10 Lens system 310 Fno = 3.3, EFL = 14 mm, FOV = 20.3°, f_(35 mm)= 120 mm Thickness or Refractive Abbe Surface Radius separation IndexNumber Element (S#) (mm) (mm) N_(d) V_(d) Object 0 INF INF **1 Stop 1INF −0.1   L1 *2 6.2947  0.6421 1.513 56.6 3 −26.5633 0.1  Prism 4 INF 2.4188 1.755 27.6 Decenter (1) Lens 2 5 INF −2.4188 REFL Bend (1) 6 INF−0.4   L2 *7 4.3234 −1.1   1.651 21.5 *8 10 −1.5007 L3 *9 −2.9320 −1.31 1.545 55.9 *10 −3.0122 −5.9174 IR filter 11 INF −0.21  1.517 64.2 12 INF−0.1   Sensor 13 INF 0 **2 *Annotates aspheric surfaces (asphericcoefficients given in Table 11) ** Annotates zoom parameters (valuesgiven in Table 13)

TABLE 11 Aspheric Coefficients (Lens System 310) Surface (S#) S2 S7 S8S9 S10 K 0 0 0 0 0 A4 −7.53594E−04  −2.05740E−02  −1.01611E−02 1.57282E−02 1.57571E−02 A6 −5.97512E−05  5.46667E−04 −1.40041E−03 −8.47553E−04  −6.73362E−04  A8 0.00000E+00 1.06822E−04 2.50611E−041.39986E−04 9.71331E−05 A10 0.00000E+00 −3.80956E−05  −2.59255E−05 −5.92396E−06  −4.36111E−06  A12 0.00000E+00 4.98149E−06 −1.48356E−06 3.29881E−07 1.58201E−06 A14 0.00000E+00 −2.27653E−07  3.81073E−077.35242E−09 −2.16510E−07  A16 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+000.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 A18 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+000.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 A20 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+000.00000E+00 0.00000E+00

TABLE 12 Decentering Constants (Lens System 310) Decenter X Y ZAlpha(deg) Beta(deg) Gamma (deg) D(1) and 0 0 0 45 0 0 Bend (1)

TABLE 13 Zoom Parameters (Lens System 310) **Zoom parameters Position -1 Position - 2 **1 Infinity    400 mm **2 0.000 −0.509 mm

TABLE 14 Optical Definitions (Lens system 310) EFL 14 mm V₁ 56.6 FNO 3.3V₂ 21.5 FOV 20.3° |f/f1| 1.41 f_(35 mm) 120 mm |f/f2| 0.79 Z 5.6 mm|R3f/R3r| 0.97

TABLE 15 Lens system 410 Fno = 2.4, EFL = 11 mm, FOV = 22.9°, f_(35 mm)= 105 mm Thickness or Refractive Abbe Surface Radius separation IndexNumber Element (S#) (mm) (mm) N_(d) V_(d) Object 0 INF INF Stop 1 INF−0.6529 L1 *2 4.1356 0.8829 1.545 56 Prism 3 INF 2.4771 1.651 21.5Decenter (1) Lens 2 4 INF −2.4771 REFL Bend (1) 5 INF −0.6921 L2 *62.6294 −0.6000 *7 8.7797 −0.7258 1.651 21.5 L3 *8 −3.0194  −1.0417 *9−4.4738  −3.0988 1.585 29.9 IR filter 10 INF −0.2100 11 INF −0.10001.517 64.2 Sensor 12 INF 0.0000 *Annotates aspheric surfaces (asphericcoefficients given in Table 16)

TABLE 16 Aspheric Coefficients (Lens System 410) Surface (S#) S2 S6 S7S8 S9 K 0 0 0 0 0 A4 −3.27067E−04  −3.77803E−02  −9.36581E−03 3.64492E−02 1.98035E−02 A6 −3.44231E−05  2.77969E−03 −7.36285E−03 −6.81817E−03  −9.64138E−04  A8 0.00000E+00 −1.25370E−03  1.49418E−031.21923E−03 −3.31076E−04  A10 0.00000E+00 5.73173E−04 −2.45312E−04 −3.00080E−04  2.93677E−06 A12 0.00000E+00 −1.14250E−04  4.74314E−056.16689E−05 2.42630E−05 A14 0.00000E+00 8.90788E−06 −2.64123E−06 −4.64269E−06  −2.84035E−06  A16 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+000.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 A18 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+000.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 A20 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+000.00000E+00 0.00000E+00

TABLE 17 Decentering Constants (Lens System 410) Decenter X Y ZAlpha(deg) Beta(deg) Gamma (deg) D(1) and 0 0 0 45 0 0 Bend (1)

TABLE 18 Optical Definitions (Lens system 410) EFL 11 mm V₁ 56.6 FNO 2.4V₂ 21.5 FOV 22.9° |f/f1| 0.88 f_(35 mm) 105 mm |f/f2| 2.1 Z 5.85 mm|R3f/R3r| 0.92

TABLE 19 Lens system 510 Fno = 3.2, EFL = 12 mm, FOV = 28.5°, f_(35 mm)= 84 mm Thickness or Refractive Abbe Surface Radius separation IndexNumber Element (S#) (mm) (mm) N_(d) V_(d) Object 0 INF INF Stop 1 INF−0.3526 L1 *2  4.7591 0.5826 1.513 56.6 Prism 3 INF 2.1303 1.755 27.6Decenter (1) Lens 2 4 INF −2.1303 REFL Bend (1) 5 INF −0.4000 L2 *662.3900 −0.8000 1.651 21.5 *7 −8.0000 −2.0287 L3 *8 −2.7924 −1.31001.545 55.9 *9 −3.0772 −4.2239 IR filter 10 INF −0.2100 1.517 64.2 11 INF−0.1000 Sensor 12 INF 0.0000 *Annotates aspheric surfaces (asphericcoefficients given in Table 20)

TABLE 20 Aspheric Coefficients (Lens System 510) Surface (S#) S2 S6 S7S8 S9 K 0 0 0 0 0 A4 −2.95143E−04  6.41822E−03 1.24501E−02 1.56218E−021.13647E−02 A6 −4.15865E−05  −3.07344E−03  −4.81181E−03  1.95660E−044.84332E−04 A8 0.00000E+00 4.98332E−04 9.38776E−04 4.58619E−051.97393E−04 A10 0.00000E+00 −2.84778E−05  −1.63568E−04  9.76688E−06−7.89325E−05  A12 0.00000E+00 −8.82972E−06  1.59358E−05 −3.11560E−06 1.21222E−05 A14 0.00000E+00 1.63394E−06 −2.82729E−07  4.01709E−07−6.35702E−07  A16 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+000.00000E+00 A18 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+000.00000E+00 A20 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+000.00000E+00

TABLE 21 Decentering Constants (Lens System 510) Decenter X Y ZAlpha(deg) Beta(deg) Gamma (deg) D(1) and 0 0 0 45 0 0 Bend (1)

TABLE 22 Optical Definitions (Lens system 510) EFL 12 mm V₁ 56.6 FNO 3.2V₂ 21.5 FOV 28.5° |f/f1| 0.74 f_(35 mm) 84 mm |f/f2| 1.51 Z 4.85 mm|R3f/R3r| 0.91

TABLE 23 Lens system 610 Fno = 2.8, EFL = 10 mm, FOV = 28°, f_(35 mm) =86 mm Thickness or Refractive Abbe Surface Radius separation IndexNumber Element (S#) (mm) (mm) N_(d) V_(d) Object 0 INF INF Stop 1 INF−0.1000 L1 *2  4.3054 0.6229 1.513 56.6 Prism 3 INF 2.0641 1.755 27.6Decenter (1) Lens 2 4 INF −2.0641 REFL Bend (1) 5 INF −0.4000 L2 *613.1995 −1.1000 1.651 21.5 *7 −10.2750  −1.4081 L3 *8 −2.3481 −1.31001.545 55.9 *9 −2.8574 −3.2429 IR filter 10 INF −0.2100 1.517 64.2 11 INF−0.1000 Sensor 12 INF 0.0000 *Annotates aspheric surfaces (asphericcoefficients given in Table 24)

TABLE 24 Aspheric Coefficients (Lens System 610) Surface (S#) S2 S6 S7S8 S9 K 0 0 0 0 0 A4 −1.67061E−04  1.31861E−02 2.90682E−02 2.93473E−021.30616E−02 A6 −1.28950E−05  −3.36712E−03  −7.93268E−03  1.09078E−033.83832E−03 A8 0.00000E+00 2.96525E−04 1.72439E−03 1.35728E−04−2.21086E−04  A10 0.00000E+00 1.78541E−04 −2.64817E−04  8.13319E−05−1.42155E−04  A12 0.00000E+00 −7.05953E−05  2.47809E−05 −2.82860E−05 4.12877E−05 A14 0.00000E+00 8.56770E−06 −7.05453E−07  4.70059E−06−3.28441E−06  A16 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+000.00000E+00 A18 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+000.00000E+00 A20 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+000.00000E+00

TABLE 25 Decentering Constants (Lens System 610) Decenter X Y ZAlpha(deg) Beta(deg) Gamma (deg) D(1) and 0 0 0 45 0 0 Bend (1)

TABLE 26 Optical Definitions (Lens system 610) EFL 10 mm V₁ 56.6 FNO 2.8V₂ 21.5 FOV 28°   |f/f1| 0.68 f_(35 mm) 86 mm |f/f2| 1.7 Z 4.75 mm  |R3f/R3r| 0.82

TABLE 27 Lens system 710 Fno = 3.8, EFL = 16 mm, FOV = 17.8°, f_(35 mm)= 137 mm Thickness or Refractive Abbe Surface Radius separation IndexNumber Element (S#) (mm) (mm) N_(d) V_(d) Object 0 INF INF Stop 1 INF−0.3655 L1 *2  5.5666 0.6155 1.513 56.6 Prism 3 INF 2.4773 1.755 27.6Decenter (1) Lens 2 4 INF −2.4773 REFL Bend (1) 5 INF −0.4000 L2 *6 9.4597 −1.1000 1.651 21.5 7 57.2358 −5.0141 L3 *8 −3.6676 −1.3100 1.54555.9 *9 −3.2803 −4.1430 IR filter 10 INF −0.2100 1.517 64.2 11 INF−0.1000 Sensor 12 INF 0.0000 *Annotates aspheric surfaces (asphericcoefficients given in Table 28)

TABLE 28 Aspheric Coefficients (Lens System 710) Surface (S#) S2 S6 S8S9 K 0 0 0 0 A4 −7.39550E−07  1.88716E−04 4.69962E−03 5.45999E−03 A61.21192E−05 4.24110E−05 9.74285E−04 1.50061E−03 A8 0.00000E+002.36650E−06 −3.07164E−04  −4.57976E−04  A10 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+009.15076E−05 1.46920E−04 A12 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 −1.25986E−05 −2.23759E−05  A14 0.00000E+00 8.56770E−06 6.90588E−07 1.34154E−06 A160.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 A18 0.00000E+000.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 A20 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+000.00000E+00 0.00000E+00

TABLE 29 Decentering Constants (Lens System 710) Decenter X Y ZAlpha(deg) Beta(deg) Gamma (deg) D(1) and 0 0 0 45 0 0 Bend (1)

TABLE 30 Optical Definitions (Lens system 710) EFL 16 mm V₁ 56.6 FNO 3.8V₂ 21.5 FOV 17.8° |f/f1| 0.84 f_(35 mm) 137 mm |f/f2| 1.09 Z 5.5 mm|R3f/R3r| 1.12

TABLE 31 Lens system 810 Fno = 3.2, EFL = 14 mm, FOV = 20.1°, f_(35 mm)= 120 mm Thickness or Refractive Abbe Surface Radius separation IndexNumber Element (S#) (mm) (mm) N_(d) V_(d) Object 0 INF INF Stop 1 INF−0.3806 L1 *2  6.0162 0.6108 1.513 56.6 Prism 3 INF 2.3889 1.755 27.6Decenter (1) Lens 2 4 INF −2.3889 REFL Bend (1) 5 INF −0.4000 L2 *610.0838 −1.5000 1.651 21.5 7 −41.7944  −2.9678 L3 *8 −3.0676 −2.10001.545 55.9 *9 −3.5230 −4.7965 IR filter 10 INF −0.2100 1.517 64.2 11 INF−0.1000 Sensor 12 INF 0.0000 *Annotates aspheric surfaces (asphericcoefficients given in Table 32)

TABLE 32 Aspheric Coefficients (Lens System 810) Surface (S#) S2 S6 S8S9 K 0 0 0 0 A4 −1.37180E−04  −1.27420E−03  2.45927E−03 −3.53430E−03  A67.12659E−07 6.01099E−05 6.23315E−04 7.23182E−04 A8 0.00000E+005.40605E−07 −1.94068E−04  −3.28264E−04  A10 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+005.29622E−05 8.55874E−05 A12 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 −6.33171E−06 −9.64805E−06  A14 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 3.40851E−07 4.35434E−07 A160.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 A18 0.00000E+000.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 A20 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+000.00000E+00 0.00000E+00

TABLE 33 Decentering Constants (Lens System 810) Decenter X Y ZAlpha(deg) Beta(deg) Gamma (deg) D(1) and 0 0 0 45 0 0 Bend (1)

TABLE 34 Optical Definitions (Lens system 810) EFL 14 mm V₁ 56.6 FNO 3.2V₂ 21.5 FOV 20.1° |f/f1| 0.77 f_(35 mm) 120 mm |f/f2| 1.48 Z 5.4 mm|R3f/R3r| 0.87

TABLE 35 Lens system 910 Fno = 3.0, EFL = 12 mm, FOV = 23.5°, f_(35 mm)= 103 mm Thickness or Refractive Abbe Surface Radius separation IndexNumber Element (S#) (mm) (mm) N_(d) V_(d) Object 0 INF INF Stop 1 INF−0.4129 L1 *2  6.0162 0.6429 1.513 56.6 Prism 3 INF 2.2006 1.755 27.6Decenter (1) Lens 2 4 INF −2.2006 REFL Bend (1) 5 INF −0.4000 L2 *6 9.7361 −1.1000 1.651 21.5 *7 −22.7209  −1.6487 L3 *8 −2.5469 −1.31001.545 55.9 *9 −2.7328 −4.2993 IR filter 10 INF −0.2100 1.517 64.2 11 INF−0.1000 Sensor 12 INF 0.0000 *Annotates aspheric surfaces (asphericcoefficients given in Table 36)

TABLE 36 Aspheric Coefficients (Lens System 910) Surface (S#) S2 S6 S8S9 K 0 0 0 0 A4 −1.63365E−04  6.58456E−03 1.70894E−02 2.48425E−02 A6−2.42913E−05  −2.57282E−03  −5.08885E−03  3.99244E−04 A8 0.00000E+003.78108E−04 9.27077E−04 4.41383E−05 A10 0.00000E+00 −1.20871E−05 −1.23550E−04  2.69972E−05 A12 0.00000E+00 −9.72383E−06  6.20626E−06−1.02741E−05  A14 0.00000E+00 1.96232E−06 8.41423E−07 1.93889E−06 A160.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 A18 0.00000E+000.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 A20 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+000.00000E+00 0.00000E+00

TABLE 37 Decentering Constants (Lens System 910) Decenter X Y ZAlpha(deg) Beta(deg) Gamma (deg) D(1) and 0 0 0 45 0 0 Bend (1)

TABLE 38 Optical Definitions (Lens system 910) EFL 12 mm V₁ 56.6 FNO 3.0V₂ 21.5 FOV 23.5° |f/f1| 0.74 f_(35 mm) 103 mm |f/f2| 1.58 Z 5.45 mm|R3f/R3r| 0.93

Example Flowchart

FIG. 11 is a high-level flowchart of a method for capturing images usinga camera with a lens system that includes three lens elements and afolding element as illustrated in FIGS. 1 through 10B, according to someembodiments. As indicated at 2400, light from an object field in frontof the camera is received at a first lens element of the camera throughan aperture stop. In some embodiments, the aperture stop may be locatedat the first lens element and behind the front vertex of the lenssystem. As indicated at 2402, the first lens element refracts the lighton a first axis AX1 to a light folding element such as a prism. Asindicated at 2404, the light is redirected by the folding element to asecond lens element on a second axis AX2. As indicated at 2406, thelight is then refracted by the second lens element to a third lenselement on the second axis AX2. As indicated at 2408, the light is thenrefracted by the third lens element to form an image at an image planeat or near the surface of a photosensor. As indicated at 2414, the imageis captured by the photosensor. While not shown, in some embodiments,the light may pass through an infrared filter that may for example belocated between the third lens element and the photosensor.

In some embodiments, the elements referred to in FIG. 11 may beconfigured as illustrated in any of FIGS. 1 through 10B. However, notethat variations on the example as given in the Figures are possiblewhile achieving similar optical results.

Example Computing Device

FIG. 12 illustrates an example computing device, referred to as computersystem 4000, that may include or host embodiments of the camera asillustrated in FIGS. 1 through 11. In addition, computer system 4000 mayimplement methods for controlling operations of the camera and/or forperforming image processing of images captured with the camera. Indifferent embodiments, computer system 4000 may be any of various typesof devices, including, but not limited to, a personal computer system,desktop computer, laptop, notebook, tablet or pad device, slate, ornetbook computer, mainframe computer system, handheld computer,workstation, network computer, a camera, a set top box, a mobile device,a mobile multipurpose device, a wireless phone, a smartphone, a consumerdevice, video game console, handheld video game device, applicationserver, storage device, a television, a video recording device, or ingeneral any type of computing or electronic device.

In the illustrated embodiment, computer system 4000 includes one or moreprocessors 4010 coupled to a system memory 4020 via an input/output(I/O) interface 4030. Computer system 4000 further includes a networkinterface 4040 coupled to I/O interface 4030, and one or moreinput/output devices 4050, such as cursor control device 4060, keyboard4070, and display(s) 4080. Computer system 4000 may also include one ormore cameras 4090, for example one or more cameras as described abovewith respect to FIGS. 1 through 11, which may also be coupled to I/Ointerface 4030, or one or more cameras as described above with respectto FIGS. 1 through 11 along with one or more other cameras such aswide-field cameras.

In various embodiments, computer system 4000 may be a uniprocessorsystem including one processor 4010, or a multiprocessor systemincluding several processors 4010 (e.g., two, four, eight, or anothersuitable number). Processors 4010 may be any suitable processor capableof executing instructions. For example, in various embodimentsprocessors 4010 may be general-purpose or embedded processorsimplementing any of a variety of instruction set architectures (ISAs),such as the x86, PowerPC, SPARC, or MIPS ISAs, or any other suitableISA. In multiprocessor systems, each of processors 4010 may commonly,but not necessarily, implement the same ISA.

System memory 4020 may be configured to store program instructions 4022and/or data 4032 accessible by processor 4010. In various embodiments,system memory 4020 may be implemented using any suitable memorytechnology, such as static random access memory (SRAM), synchronousdynamic RAM (SDRAM), nonvolatile/Flash-type memory, or any other type ofmemory. In the illustrated embodiment, program instructions 4022 may beconfigured to implement various interfaces, methods and/or data forcontrolling operations of camera 4090 and for capturing and processingimages with integrated camera 4090 or other methods or data, for exampleinterfaces and methods for capturing, displaying, processing, andstoring images captured with camera 4090. In some embodiments, programinstructions and/or data may be received, sent or stored upon differenttypes of computer-accessible media or on similar media separate fromsystem memory 4020 or computer system 4000.

In one embodiment, I/O interface 4030 may be configured to coordinateI/O traffic between processor 4010, system memory 4020, and anyperipheral devices in the device, including network interface 4040 orother peripheral interfaces, such as input/output devices 4050. In someembodiments, I/O interface 4030 may perform any necessary protocol,timing or other data transformations to convert data signals from onecomponent (e.g., system memory 4020) into a format suitable for use byanother component (e.g., processor 4010). In some embodiments, I/Ointerface 4030 may include support for devices attached through varioustypes of peripheral buses, such as a variant of the Peripheral ComponentInterconnect (PCI) bus standard or the Universal Serial Bus (USB)standard, for example. In some embodiments, the function of I/Ointerface 4030 may be split into two or more separate components, suchas a north bridge and a south bridge, for example. Also, in someembodiments some or all of the functionality of I/O interface 4030, suchas an interface to system memory 4020, may be incorporated directly intoprocessor 4010.

Network interface 4040 may be configured to allow data to be exchangedbetween computer system 4000 and other devices attached to a network4085 (e.g., carrier or agent devices) or between nodes of computersystem 4000. Network 4085 may in various embodiments include one or morenetworks including but not limited to Local Area Networks (LANs) (e.g.,an Ethernet or corporate network), Wide Area Networks (WANs) (e.g., theInternet), wireless data networks, some other electronic data network,or some combination thereof In various embodiments, network interface4040 may support communication via wired or wireless general datanetworks, such as any suitable type of Ethernet network, for example;via telecommunications/telephony networks such as analog voice networksor digital fiber communications networks; via storage area networks suchas Fibre Channel SANs, or via any other suitable type of network and/orprotocol.

Input/output devices 4050 may, in some embodiments, include one or moredisplay terminals, keyboards, keypads, touchpads, scanning devices,voice or optical recognition devices, or any other devices suitable forentering or accessing data by computer system 4000. Multipleinput/output devices 4050 may be present in computer system 4000 or maybe distributed on various nodes of computer system 4000. In someembodiments, similar input/output devices may be separate from computersystem 4000 and may interact with one or more nodes of computer system4000 through a wired or wireless connection, such as over networkinterface 4040.

As shown in FIG. 12, memory 4020 may include program instructions 4022,which may be processor-executable to implement any element or action tosupport integrated camera 4090, including but not limited to imageprocessing software and interface software for controlling camera 4090.In some embodiments, images captured by camera 4090 may be stored tomemory 4020. In addition, metadata for images captured by camera 4090may be stored to memory 4020.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that computer system 4000 ismerely illustrative and is not intended to limit the scope ofembodiments. In particular, the computer system and devices may includeany combination of hardware or software that can perform the indicatedfunctions, including computers, network devices, Internet appliances,PDAs, wireless phones, pagers, video or still cameras, etc. Computersystem 4000 may also be connected to other devices that are notillustrated, or instead may operate as a stand-alone system. Inaddition, the functionality provided by the illustrated components mayin some embodiments be combined in fewer components or distributed inadditional components. Similarly, in some embodiments, the functionalityof some of the illustrated components may not be provided and/or otheradditional functionality may be available.

Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that, while various itemsare illustrated as being stored in memory or on storage while beingused, these items or portions of them may be transferred between memoryand other storage devices for purposes of memory management and dataintegrity. Alternatively, in other embodiments some or all of thesoftware components may execute in memory on another device andcommunicate with the illustrated computer system 4000 via inter-computercommunication. Some or all of the system components or data structuresmay also be stored (e.g., as instructions or structured data) on acomputer-accessible medium or a portable article to be read by anappropriate drive, various examples of which are described above. Insome embodiments, instructions stored on a computer-accessible mediumseparate from computer system 4000 may be transmitted to computer system4000 via transmission media or signals such as electrical,electromagnetic, or digital signals, conveyed via a communication mediumsuch as a network and/or a wireless link. Various embodiments mayfurther include receiving, sending or storing instructions and/or dataimplemented in accordance with the foregoing description upon acomputer-accessible medium. Generally speaking, a computer-accessiblemedium may include a non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium ormemory medium such as magnetic or optical media, e.g., disk orDVD/CD-ROM, volatile or non-volatile media such as RAM (e.g. SDRAM, DDR,RDRAM, SRAM, etc.), ROM, etc. In some embodiments, a computer-accessiblemedium may include transmission media or signals such as electrical,electromagnetic, or digital signals, conveyed via a communication mediumsuch as network and/or a wireless link.

The methods described herein may be implemented in software, hardware,or a combination thereof, in different embodiments. In addition, theorder of the blocks of the methods may be changed, and various elementsmay be added, reordered, combined, omitted, modified, etc. Variousmodifications and changes may be made as would be obvious to a personskilled in the art having the benefit of this disclosure. The variousembodiments described herein are meant to be illustrative and notlimiting. Many variations, modifications, additions, and improvementsare possible. Accordingly, plural instances may be provided forcomponents described herein as a single instance. Boundaries betweenvarious components, operations and data stores are somewhat arbitrary,and particular operations are illustrated in the context of specificillustrative configurations. Other allocations of functionality areenvisioned and may fall within the scope of claims that follow. Finally,structures and functionality presented as discrete components in theexample configurations may be implemented as a combined structure orcomponent. These and other variations, modifications, additions, andimprovements may fall within the scope of embodiments as defined in theclaims that follow.

1.-20. (canceled)
 21. A lens system, comprising: three refractive lenselements arranged along a folded optical axis from an object side of thelens system to an image side of the lens system and a light foldingelement located between a first and second lens element from the objectside and configured to redirect light from a first axis onto a secondaxis; wherein the lens system is configured to refract light from anobject field on the object side of the lens system to form an image of ascene at an image plane on the image side of the lens system; andwherein effective focal length of the lens system is within a range of10 millimeters to 16 millimeters.
 22. The lens system as recited inclaim 21, wherein the lens system provides a 35 mm equivalent focallength in the range of 80-200 millimeters.
 23. The lens system asrecited in claim 21, wherein Z-height of the lens system measured from afront vertex of the lens system to a rear vertex of the folding elementis 6.5 millimeters or less.
 24. The lens system as recited in claim 21,wherein the lens system comprises, arranged along the folded opticalaxis from the object side of the lens system to the image side of thelens system: the first lens element on the first axis having positiverefractive power and a convex object-side surface in a paraxial region;the light folding element configured to redirect light from the firstlens element to the second axis; a second lens element on the secondaxis; and a third lens element on the second axis having a concaveimage-side surface in a paraxial region.
 25. The lens system as recitedin claim 24, wherein the second lens element has negative refractivepower.
 26. The lens system as recited in claim 24, wherein the thirdlens element has a convex object-side surface in the paraxial region.27. The lens system as recited in claim 24, wherein the first lenselement is formed of an optical material with Abbe number Vd>45, and thesecond lens element is formed of an optical material with Abbe numberVd<35.
 28. The lens system as recited in claim 24, the first lenselement is formed of an optical material with Abbe number Vd>40, and thesecond lens element is formed of an optical material with Abbe numberVd<30.
 29. The lens system as recited in claim 24, the lens systemsatisfies one or more of the relationships:0.5<|f/f1|<2,0.4<|f/f2|<2.5, or0.5<|R3f/R3r|<1.5 where f is effective focal length of the lens system,f1 is focal length of the first lens element, f2 is focal length of thesecond lens element, R3f is radius of curvature of the object-sidesurface of the third lens element, and R3r is radius of curvature of theimage side surface of the third lens element.
 30. The lens system asrecited in claim 21, wherein the lens system further comprises anaperture stop located between the object side of the lens system and thelight folding element.
 31. The lens system as recited in claim 21,wherein at least one surface of at least one of the plurality of lenselements is aspheric.
 32. The lens system as recited in claim 21,wherein at least one of the lens elements is formed of lightweightpolymer or plastic material.
 33. The lens system as recited in claim 21,wherein the light folding element is a prism.
 34. The lens system asrecited in claim 31, wherein an image side surface of the first lenselement is flat/plano, and wherein the image side surface of the firstlens element is in contact with the object side surface of the prism.35. The lens system as recited in claim 21, wherein an image sidesurface of the first lens element is convex, concave, or flat/plano, andwherein the image side surface of the first lens element is not incontact with the object side surface of the prism.
 36. A camera,comprising: a photosensor configured to capture light projected onto asurface of the photosensor; and a folded lens system configured torefract light from an object field located in front of the camera toform an image of a scene at an image plane at or near the surface of thephotosensor, wherein the lens system comprises three refractive lenselements arranged along a folded optical axis of the camera from anobject side to an image side and a light folding element located betweena first and second lens element from the object side and configured toredirect light from a first axis onto a second axis; wherein effectivefocal length of the folded lens system is within a range of 10millimeters to 16 millimeters.
 37. The camera as recited in claim 26,wherein the folded lens system provides a 35 mm equivalent focal lengthin the range of 85-200 millimeters and less than 6 millimeters ofZ-height measured from a front vertex of the lens system to a rearvertex of the folding element.
 38. The camera as recited in claim 26,wherein the photosensor is between 4 millimeters and 8 millimeters in adiagonal dimension.
 39. The camera as recited in claim 16, wherein thephotosensor is configured to move on one or more axes relative to thelens system to adjust focus of the camera.
 40. A device, comprising: oneor more processors; one or more cameras; and a memory comprising programinstructions executable by at least one of the one or more processors tocontrol operations of the one or more cameras; wherein at least one ofthe one or more cameras is a camera comprising: a photosensor configuredto capture light projected onto a surface of the photosensor; a foldedlens system configured to refract light from an object field located infront of the camera to form an image of a scene at an image planeproximate to the surface of the photosensor, wherein the lens systemcomprises three refractive lens elements arranged along a folded opticalaxis of the lens system from an object side to an image side and a lightfolding element configured to redirect light from the first lens elementon the object side to a second portion of the folded optical axis; andat least one aperture stop located between a front vertex of the lenssystem and the light folding element; wherein effective focal length ofthe folded lens system is within a range of 10 millimeters to 16millimeters.